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Inferior Posterior Wall M.I. In Cabrera Format

Submitted by Dawn on Sat, 08/26/2023 - 16:53

Does something about this ECG look "different" to you?    This ECG shows a “classic” presentation of inferior-posterior M.I. when it is caused by a lesion in the right coronary artery (RCA). There are ST elevations in leads II, III, and aVF.  Reciprocal ST depression is seen in Leads I and aVL.  There is also reciprocal ST depression in Leads V1 – V3.  These more rightward anterior leads are reciprocal to the posterior (or posterior-lateral) wall, so the ST elevation is actually posterior.  Another sign that this is an RCA lesion is that the ST elevation in Lead III looks worse than the STE in Lead II.  It would be helpful to check the right precordial leads, or at least V4 Right, as elevation there would indicate right ventricular M.I. 

Depending on how experienced you are at evaluating ECGs, you might have immediately noticed something “different” about this tracing.  It is printed in Cabrera format, which groups the leads (viewpoints) more geographically than a traditional ECG does.  In addition to grouping the leads more geographically, instead of aVR, the machine records - aVR.  That reverses the negative and positive poles of aVR, putting the positive ("seeking") electrode at 30 degrees - halfway between Leads I and II.   Those of us who have been looking at ECGs for decades often feel a bit disconcerted by this format, because we have developed almost an intuitive way of seeing the ECG as a “map”, and this rearrangement thwarts our brains’ approach to the ECG.  I would imagine, however, that this might make interpretation a bit easier for someone who is not prejudiced by the standard way of printing.  This method is especially helpful when looking for inferior wall M.I., as we see here, because the lateral leads are together in a row, and the inferior leads are grouped together. 

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Inferior Posterior M.I.

Submitted by Dawn on Mon, 07/24/2023 - 14:41

This is a "classic" ECG of very good quality for you to use in a classroom setting.

The Patient:  A 57-year-old man who complains of a sudden onset of "sharp" chest pain while on a long bike ride.  The pain does not radiate, and nothing makes it worse or better.  He is pale, cool, and diaphoretic.  His medical history is unknown.

The ECG:  This ECG could be considered "classic" for an inferior wall ST elevation M.I. caused by occlusion of the right coronary artery.  ECG findings include:

*   Normal sinus rhythm

*   Marked ST elevation in Leads II, III, and aVF.  The elevation is higher in Lead III than in Lead II, a reliable sign of RCA occlusion.

*   Reciprocal depression in Leads aVL and I.  ST depression in the setting of acute transmural ischemia (STEMI) is almost ALWAYS due to  reciprocal change. The fact that this STD is localized to leads that are reciprocal to the inferior wall is proof of the nature of the STD.

*   Reciprocal depression in V1 - V3.  More localized depression.  What wall is reciprocal to the anterior-septal wall?  The posterior (postero-lateral).  Since the inferior wall is really the lower part of the posterior wall, inferior wall M.I. is often accompanied by posterior wall M.I.

An additional lead, V4R, is helpful in this situation, since the right ventricle is often affected in RCA occlusions.  The EMS crew reports that V4R was negative for ST elevation, but we do not have a copy.

Small q waves have formed in Lead III, and we would watch for progression of this sign, as it can indicate necrosis.

Outcome:  The patient went to the cath lab, but we have no further followup.

 

Our thanks to Ashley Terrana for donating this tracing.

 

 

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Widespread ST Elevation With Right Bundle Branch Block

Submitted by Dawn on Sat, 02/04/2023 - 10:22

Usually, instructors of basic ECG classes look for examples of the most common conditions that are likely to be encountered by the learners.  But, sometimes, it is advantageous to show students more unusual presentations to remind them of the infinite possibilities when we care for living beings.  This series is a very good example of what can and does happen to some people with cardiovascular disease.  It will give your students an opportunity to think about possible interpretations, and also about anticipating clinical implications and emergencies that may arise.

The Patient:  This patient is a man in his 80s who has been active his whole life.  He considers himself to be healthy, giving no medical history and denying medication use. He states that he has had a yearly health exam.  Today, he felt “tired and dizzy” while raking leaves.  As he walked to his house to rest, he had a syncopal episode and fell, hitting his head. He was unconscious for a few minutes. A family member called for Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Paramedics found him awake and complaining of bilateral “shoulder and wrist” pain. He had no obvious trauma to his extremities, but had some bruising on his head and face.  He denied recent illness and substance abuse.  He was oriented x3. He was pale and diaphoretic, and complained of nausea. He denied chest or back pain.  He denied shortness of breath.  BP 100/60.  Heart rate bradycardic.  SPO2 above 95%.  He was given aspirin and ondasetron, and transported to a hospital.

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Inferior Wall M.I. In A Patient With Left Bundle Branch Block

Submitted by Dawn on Fri, 12/23/2022 - 14:24

The Patient:    A 64-year-old man complaining of chest pain and shortness of breath for 20 minutes.  Long-standing history of triple vessel disease, severe aortic stenosis, hypertension, thrombocytopenia.  Meds unknown.  He was not considered to be a candidate for valve surgery.

 

The ECG: There is normal sinus rhythm with a rate of 90 bpm.  P waves are not visualized well in all leads, so remember that the three channels of this ECG are run simultaneously.  If you see a P wave in Leads I and II, they are also present in Lead III.  The PR interval is WNL.

 

The QRS complexes are wide, at .122 seconds (122 ms).  The criteria for left bundle branch block are met. (Supraventricular rhythm, wide QRS, upright QRS in Leads I and V6, negative QRS in V1).  The frontal plane axis is within normal limits, but toward the right, at 87 degrees.  The QRS complexes transition at V4 from negative to positive, but Leads V1 – V3 have no initial r waves.  These are possibly pathological Q waves, likely from a past anterior-septal M.I.

 

Dawn's picture

Inferior Wall, Posterior Wall, and Right Ventricular M.I.

Submitted by Dawn on Sun, 09/11/2022 - 16:19

The patient:    79-year-old man complaining of severe “burning” chest pain, radiating to his neck. Walking exacerbates his discomfort.  He has had nausea and vomiting for 24 hours. Past medical Hx includes high cholesterol and atrial fibrillation. Medications not known.

 

The ECGs:  These ECGs could be called “classic”.  There is a 100% occlusion of the right coronary artery (RCA), which was successfully repaired in the cath lab.  About 80% of inferior wall M.I.s are due to occlusion of the right coronary artery.  Depending on how proximal the occlusion is, we can expect a pattern on the ECG representing injury to all areas supplied by the RCA.  This “package deal” can include:

·         Inferior wall ST elevation.

·         Posterior wall extension.

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Inferior-posterior Wall M.I. and AV Dissociation

Submitted by Dawn on Mon, 12/06/2021 - 17:59

At the ECG Guru website, our main goal is to provide quality teaching materials to those who teach ECG interpretation and other cardiac topics.  This ECG offers teaching opportunities for those who teach any level of student.

The patient:   This ECG was obtained in the Emergency Department from a 54-year-old man who was complaining of severe chest pain and nausea.  His BP was 130/68.

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Inferior Wall M.I. With Atrial Fibrillation

Submitted by Dawn on Sat, 02/23/2019 - 22:17

The Patient   This ECG was obtained from a 74-year-old man who had a history of COPD. He was complaining of severe chest pain at the time of the ECG.

The ECG     The rhythm is atrial fib or flutter (the R to R intervals are irregular, but seem to repeat about 4 interals).  Flutter waves are seen during some of the longer intervals. The rate is approximately 90 beats per minute.  The ST segments are very noticeably elevated in Leads II, III, and aVF.  There is reciprocal ST depression in Leads I and aVL, and also in all the precordial leads. 

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Inferior Wall M.I. With Right Ventricular M.I.

Submitted by Dawn on Sat, 10/28/2017 - 18:36

This ECG was recorded from a 75-year-old man with substernal chest pain and diaphoresis.  It shows a pretty classic picture of acute inferior wall M.I. The second ECG is a repeat tracing with the V4 wire moved to the V4 Right position, and it is positive for right ventricular M.I.  The patient was found to have a 100% occlusion of the right coronary artery, which was opened and stented in the cath lab.

There are several other examples of IWMI with RVMI in our archives, so we will confine this commentary to the ECG signs that make these tracings so typical of right coronary artery occlusion. Once you are familiar with the typical pattern of IWMI / RVMI, it is easy to see, even when the ST elevation is subtle (as this one certainly is NOT).

Signs of IWMI in these ECGs are: 

·         ST elevation in inferior leads II, III and aVF.

·         Reciprocal ST depression in leads I and aVL. 

Signs of RVMI in these ECGs are:

·         ST elevation in V4 right.

·         ST elevation in V1 without ST elevation in V2.

Dawn's picture

Inferior Wall M.I. and Right Bundle Branch Block

Submitted by Dawn on Wed, 09/06/2017 - 20:45

These ECGs were taken from a 76 year-old-man who was complaining of chest pressure for 20 minutes.  He had a remote history of coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

This case has several good teaching points, including:

Significant artifact.  The limb leads show artifact which is severe enough to hamper our assessment of the j point location. Every effort should be made to eliminate artifact.  Some measures that might help are:

        *  clean and slightly "rough up" the skin where the electrode will be placed.  A rough wash cloth or gauze pad will work.

        *  shave hair if necessary.

        *  avoid areas of movement if possible.  Precordial electrodes must be placed in specific spots, but limb leads may be placed anywhere on the limb or on the trunk if it is impossible to avoid movement on the limbs.

       *   use fresh electrodes that have been protected from drying out.

Subtle STEMI changes.   This patient has an inferior wall M.I., which was confirmed as a complete occlusion of the right coronary artery in the cath lab.  The ST elevation in Leads II, III, and aVF is subtle, and more difficult to measure because of the artifact.  However, the SHAPE of the ST segments is a giveaway - they are very straight.  A convex-upward shape is normal (see Lead I).  Also, Lead aVL shows typical ST DEPRESSION, as a reciprocal view of the STE in Lead III.  More ST depressions can be seen in Leads V1 through V3, and they end abruptly there.  These localized ST depressions represent a reciprocal view of the posterior (also called lateral) wall, and represent an "extension" of the inferior wall M.I. up the back of the heart.  A V4 Right lead was obtained and shows no measurable ST elevation, but the shape is straight to slightly "frowning", indicating that the right ventricle may soon have STE.  Repeat ECGs should be obtained to watch for more definite ST elevations.

Dawn's picture

Inferior Wall M.I. With Wide QRS and Complete AV Block

Submitted by Dawn on Wed, 06/28/2017 - 14:13

This ECG is from a 66-year-old woman who called 911 for a complaint of chest pain for the past four hours. She also complained of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea for that time. She was pale and diaphoretic, and her BP was 77/43 sitting up, improving to 90/54 reclining. She denied “cardiac” history.  Her medications included:  aspirin, an SSRI, cilostazol, amlodipine, umeclidinium and vilanterol inhaler, atorvastatin, levothyroid, and metoprolol. We don’t have a previous ECG.  The EMS crew followed their chest pain protocol and delivered the patient to a facility with an interventional cath lab, but they did not designate a “STEMI Alert” because of the wide QRS.  It is their protocol to use the term “STEMI Alert” only when no M.I. mimics, such as left bundle branch block, are present. 

What does this ECG show?     There is an underlying sinus rhythm at 75 bpm.  There is AV dissociation, with regular, wide QRS complexes at a rate of 44 bpm.   This meets the criteria for complete heart block (third-degree AV block).  The morphology of the QRS complexes meets the criteria for left bundle branch block (wide, upright in Leads I and V6, negative in V1).  At a rate of 44 bpm, several options for this escape rhythm are possible:  1)  junctional escape with LBBB, 2) junctional escape with intraventricular conduction delay due to AMI,  and 3) idioventricular escape rhythm.   Also, in the presence of IWMI, AV node ischemia is very likely, resulting in AV blocks at the level of the AV node.  CHB at the AV node would result in junctional escape rhythm, and CHB below that, in the fascicles of the bundle branches, would result in idioventricular escape. The issue for this patient, and ANY patient, is cardiac output, and we see several reasons for cardiac output to be lower:

·         Wide QRS

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